徳を英訳すると?
徳という言葉が好きで、日々の生活でも徳を積んでいくことを思い立ったらしようと心がけていますが、海外のとりわけ仏教思想を持たない人にどう説明すればいいかいつも困ってしまいます。
徳、英訳、で検索すると「Virtue」とヒットする。
よく利用されるWikipediaさんを見ると以下のような文章である。
A virtue (Latin: virtus) is a trait of excellence, including traits that may be moral, social, or intellectual. The cultivation and refinement of virtue is held to be the “good of humanity” and thus is valued as an end purpose of life or a foundational principle of being. In human practical ethics, a virtue is a disposition to choose actions that succeed in showing high moral standards: doing what is right and avoiding what is wrong in a given field of endeavour. When someone takes pleasure in doing what is right, even when it is difficult or initially unpleasant, they can establish virtue as a habit. Such a person is said to be virtuous through having cultivated such a disposition. The opposite of virtue is vice, and the vicious person takes pleasure in habitual wrong-doing to their detriment.
Other examples of this notion include the concept of merit in Asian traditions as well as De (Chinese 德). Buddhism’s four brahmavihara (lit. ’Divine States’) can be regarded as virtues in the European sense.[1]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtue
端的(意訳的に)に翻訳すると、「モラル、社会、理性的、人間性的に正しいことを行うこと。それは、日々の行動を通し、他者が喜ぶ姿を知ることで培われるものである。」とのこと。
確かにそうだよなと思うけれども、私が学んだものは仏教的教えのほうだろうなと思い、”brahmavihara”を確認してみると、こんな感じに説明されている:
The brahmavihārā (sublime attitudes, lit. “abodes of brahma”) (Pāli: cattāri brahmavihārā, Sinhala: චත්තාරි බ්රහ්මවිහාරා/සතර බ්රහ්ම විහරණ) are a series of four Buddhist virtues and the meditation practices made to cultivate them. They are also known as the four immeasurables (Pāli: appamaññā)[1] or four infinite minds (Chinese: 四無量心).[2] The brahmavihārā are:
- loving-kindness or benevolence (mettā)
- compassion (karuṇā)
- empathetic joy (muditā)
- equanimity (upekkhā)
According to the Metta Sutta, cultivation of the four immeasurables has the power to cause the practitioner to be reborn into a “Brahma realm” (Pāli: Brahmaloka).[3
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmavihara
これもまた意訳すると、四無量心であり、
- 慈愛の心:深い愛
- 慈悲の心:思いやり、情け
- 共感する心
- 平穏な心
とのことで、瞑想を通して得られる。とあるけれど、恐らく、仏教的な4つの心のもとに、行動を通して実践されることだなと思い、個人的に他の人に説明するときはこんな感じなのかしら?と思いました。
“The Toku, “徳”, the origin of this idea is from Buddism’s four immeasurables such as loving-kindness, compassion, empathy, and equanimity to other people. It means excellent behaviour, if I am allowed to explain it simply. For example, it is just like picking the rubbish on the street up, not telling a lie to others. “
多少なりとも感覚は分かってもらえるかな〜と思ったり。
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